Other Soviet programs

• All these programs (PS, D, E/Luna, Mars, Venera, Vostok) were run by Korolev and used his R-7 (8K71) rocket and its derivatives

• Vostok was modified as a spy satellite in 1962; derivatives still fly for science missions

• The Yangel program, with “DS” (Dnepropetrovskiy Sputnik) satellites and the R-12 booster got going in late 1961, with first success in 1962 under the Kosmos-1 cover name

• The first Chelomei product, an antisatellite development test, flew in 1963.